Why are newborns more prone to jaundice than adults?

Why Are Newborns More Prone to Jaundice Than Adults?

Newborn jaundice is a common condition, manifesting as a yellowish tint to the skin and eyes of infants. It affects many newborns within the first few days of life. But why are newborns more susceptible to jaundice than adults? The answer lies in the unique physiological processes occurring in infants.

Jaundice in newborns primarily arises due to the accumulation of bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced when red blood cells break down. All humans, including adults, produce bilirubin, which is processed by the liver and then excreted. However, newborns encounter several challenges in efficiently processing and eliminating bilirubin.

One significant reason for the higher incidence of jaundice in newborns is the increased turnover of red blood cells. Babies are born with a higher concentration of red blood cells than adults, because fetal red blood cells carry oxygen more efficiently from the mother's placenta. After birth, these excess red blood cells start breaking down, leading to increased bilirubin production.

The liver of a newborn is also not fully mature. During the initial days after birth, a newborn's liver may not be fully capable of processing bilirubin rapidly enough, which leads to its build-up. In adults, the liver is adept at processing bilirubin, converting it into a form that can be eliminated through urine or stool effectively. However, in newborns, this process takes some time to establish, leading to a higher risk of bilirubin accumulation and jaundice.

Breastfeeding can also influence bilirubin levels. Some breastfed babies experience jaundice due to insufficient intake of breast milk during the first few days, which can delay the excretion of bilirubin. This condition is temporary, and increased feeding can help reduce bilirubin levels.

Moreover, certain genetic and environmental factors can predispose newborns to jaundice more than adults. For example, a deficiency in the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) can contribute to jaundice by making red blood cells more fragile. This condition is more prevalent in some ethnic groups.

Despite its prevalence, newborn jaundice is usually harmless and resolves on its own in most cases. Medical treatment might be required in some situations, such as through phototherapy, which involves using light waves to break down bilirubin in the skin.

In conclusion, while jaundice can occur in any age group, newborns are particularly prone due to their high red blood cell turnover, immature liver function, and dietary factors. Awareness and early detection play critical roles in managing and treating newborn jaundice effectively, ensuring the health and well-being of the infant during this vulnerable stage of life.