What happens during a colonoscopy? | NHS

What Happens During a Colonoscopy? | NHS

Introduction to Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It is primarily performed to investigate symptoms such as abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, or changes in bowel habits. Additionally, it can be used as a screening test for colorectal cancer. The procedure is often carried out by a gastroenterologist, a doctor specializing in digestive system disorders.

Preparation for the Procedure

Before undergoing a colonoscopy, patients need to prepare their bowels. This typically involves following a clear liquid diet for 24 to 48 hours before the examination. Patients will be instructed to avoid solid foods and dairy products, and instead consume clear broths, gelatin, and clear juices. Additionally, a laxative or an enema may be prescribed to ensure the colon is entirely clean, providing a clear view during the procedure.

During the Colonoscopy

On the day of the colonoscopy, patients need to attend a hospital or clinic. After arriving, they'll be asked to change into a hospital gown. Sedation or a light anaesthetic is usually administered to ensure comfort throughout the procedure. The patient is then asked to lie on their side, and a long, flexible tube called a colonoscope is gently inserted into the rectum. The colonoscope is equipped with a tiny camera, providing live images viewed on a monitor by the doctor.

The Examination Process

As the colonoscope is advanced through the colon, air is gently pumped to expand the bowels, giving a better view of the colon's lining. The doctor will carefully inspect the entire colon, looking for abnormalities such as polyps, which may be removed for further examination (biopsy). The procedure typically lasts between 30 minutes to an hour, depending on what is found and if polyps are removed.

Post-Procedure and Recovery

After the colonoscopy, patients are monitored for a short period while the sedative wears off. Commonly, there might be some cramping or bloating due to the air introduced during the procedure, but this usually subsides quickly. Patients are advised to rest for the remainder of the day and avoid driving due to the sedative effects. It's crucial to follow any post-procedure instructions from the healthcare provider, including resuming a normal diet and any prescribed medications.

Results and Follow-Up

If polyps or abnormal tissues were removed, they would be sent to a lab for further analysis, with results typically available within a few days. The doctor will discuss the findings and any necessary follow-up treatments or surveillance. Regular screening through colonoscopy is essential, especially for those over 50 or with a family history of colorectal cancer.

Conclusion

A colonoscopy is a vital and effective procedure for diagnosing and screening various gastrointestinal conditions and colorectal cancer. Proper preparation and following medical advice can ensure a smooth experience and accurate results. With the NHS providing comprehensive care, patients in the United Kingdom can have confidence in undergoing a colonoscopy when recommended by their healthcare provider.