What causes sunburn?

What is Sunburn?

Sunburn is a form of skin damage caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, primarily from the sun. It manifests as red, inflamed skin that is hot to the touch, and in more severe cases, it can lead to blistering and peeling. While it's a common condition, sunburn can cause significant discomfort and long-term skin damage, including an increased risk of skin cancer.

Causes of Sunburn

The primary cause of sunburn is UV radiation emitted by the sun. There are two main types of UV rays that affect the skin: UVA and UVB. UVB rays are primarily responsible for causing sunburn as they directly damage the DNA in skin cells, leading to inflammation and the classic symptoms of sunburn. UVA rays, on the other hand, penetrate more deeply into the skin and contribute to premature ageing and long-term damage such as wrinkles.

Risk Factors

Certain factors can increase the risk of developing sunburn. These include having fair skin, which contains less melanin—a pigment that offers some protection against UV radiation. People with freckles or red hair are particularly susceptible. The risk is also higher during summer months and in places closer to the equator, where the sun's rays are more direct and intense. Additionally, being at high altitudes, where the atmosphere is thinner, increases UV exposure.

Weather Conditions

Even on cloudy days, up to 80% of UV rays can penetrate the clouds and reach the skin, making it possible to get sunburnt without visible sunlight. Reflective surfaces such as water, snow, and sand can also intensify UV exposure by reflecting sunlight onto the skin.

Prevention Tips

To prevent sunburn, it's important to limit exposure to the sun, especially between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m., when UV rays are strongest. Wearing protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts and wide-brimmed hats, and using sunglasses with UV protection can help shield the skin and eyes. Applying broad-spectrum sunscreen with a high SPF factor regularly is crucial, especially after swimming or sweating. Reapply every two hours, even on cloudy days.

Conclusion

Understanding the causes of sunburn and the factors that increase risk can aid in preventing this common condition. By taking proactive measures to protect the skin from excessive UV exposure, individuals can enjoy time outdoors while minimising the risk of painful sunburn and potential long-term skin damage. Awareness and prevention are key to maintaining skin health and reducing the risk of complications associated with sunburn.