Glaucoma: what is glaucoma?

What is Glaucoma?

Introduction to Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a term that encompasses a group of eye conditions leading to damage of the optic nerve, which is critical for vision. This damage is often due to abnormally high pressure inside the eye. If left untreated, glaucoma can lead to permanent vision loss. In the United Kingdom, glaucoma is a significant cause of irreversible blindness, making awareness and early detection essential.

Types of Glaucoma

There are several types of glaucoma, but the two most common are:

• Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG): This is the most common form. It occurs when the eye's drainage canals become clogged over time, leading to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). This type of glaucoma develops slowly and is often asymptomatic, hence referred to as the "silent thief of sight."
• Angle-Closure Glaucoma: This is less common but more acute. It occurs when the drainage angle formed by the cornea and iris closes suddenly. This type of glaucoma can cause a rapid increase in eye pressure and can present with symptoms such as severe eye pain, nausea, and blurred vision. Immediate medical attention is required to prevent permanent damage.

Symptoms of Glaucoma

In its early stages, glaucoma often presents no symptoms. However, as the condition progresses, individuals may notice:

• Gradual loss of peripheral vision, usually in both eyes
• Tunnel vision in advanced stages
• Severe headaches (in acute forms)
• Eye pain and redness

Diagnosis and Treatment

Regular eye exams are crucial for early detection. Your optician will use a variety of tests to diagnose glaucoma, including measuring intraocular pressure, inspecting the drainage angle, and evaluating the optic nerve. In the UK, the NHS provides routine eye tests, which are free for those who qualify, such as individuals over 60 years old.

Treatment options include medications (usually eye drops), laser treatment, and surgery to lower intraocular pressure. Early intervention can prevent further vision loss, but any damage already done is irreversible.

Conclusion

Awareness and regular eye examinations are key to managing glaucoma. If you are at higher risk—such as being over 40, having a family history of glaucoma, or having other medical conditions like diabetes—discuss with your optician how frequently you should be screened. Early detection and treatment can help preserve your vision and maintain your quality of life.