Migraine | NHS

Migraine: Understanding the Condition

What is a Migraine?

A migraine is a severe headache that is often accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Migraines typically manifest as a throbbing pain on one side of the head, though the pain can occur on both sides. The condition can be debilitating and may last for hours or even days.

Types of Migraines

There are several types of migraines, including:

• Migraine with aura: This type is preceded by sensory disturbances such as visual flashes of light, blind spots, or tingling in your hands or face.
• Migraine without aura: The more common form, which occurs without the sensory disturbances that characterize a migraine with aura.
• Chronic migraine: Occurs 15 or more days per month, with at least 8 days involving migraine features, for more than 3 months.

Causes and Triggers

The exact cause of migraines is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to abnormal brain activity that affects nerve signals, chemicals, and blood vessels in the brain. Common triggers include:

• Hormonal changes in women, especially related to menstruation
• Certain foods and drinks, such as aged cheese, alcohol, and caffeine
• Stress and anxiety
• Changes in sleep patterns or lack of sleep
• Environmental factors like bright lights or loud noises

Symptoms

Migraine symptoms can vary but often include:

• Intense, throbbing headache, usually on one side of the head
• Nausea and vomiting
• Increased sensitivity to light, sound, and sometimes smell and touch
• Visual disturbances such as seeing flashing lights or blind spots
• Dizziness or lightheadedness

Treatment Options

While there is no cure for migraines, several treatment options can help manage the condition:

• Medications: Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or prescription medications such as triptans can help alleviate symptoms. Preventative medications may also be prescribed.
• Lifestyle changes: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle by managing stress, getting regular exercise, and maintaining a consistent sleep schedule can reduce the frequency and severity of migraines.
• Alternative therapies: Techniques such as acupuncture, biofeedback, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may provide relief for some individuals.

When to Seek Medical Advice

If you experience frequent or severe headaches, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional. Seeing a GP can help you obtain a proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan. If your migraine symptoms change or if you experience new symptoms, seek medical advice to rule out any other potential issues.

For more information, visit the NHS website on migraines.