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How is measles transmitted?
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Understanding Measles
What is Measles?
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. It is an airborne disease that typically spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. Measles is characterized by a distinctive red rash and is known for its potential complications, making vaccination essential in preventing its spread.
Symptoms of Measles
The initial symptoms of measles generally appear 10 to 12 days after exposure and resemble those of a severe cold, including fever, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes. A few days later, a widespread skin rash develops, usually beginning on the face and spreading to the rest of the body. White spots known as Koplik's spots may appear inside the mouth, serving as a hallmark of the infection.
Complications and Risks
While many recover within a few weeks, measles can lead to serious complications, particularly in young children and individuals with weakened immune systems. Risks include pneumonia, encephalitis (swelling of the brain), and in severe cases, death. Measles can also cause long-term health problems, such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a rare but fatal brain disorder that may develop years later.
Prevention through Vaccination
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent measles. In the United Kingdom, the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is part of the childhood immunization programme, typically given in two doses to ensure immunity. High vaccination coverage has significantly reduced measles cases, though outbreaks can still occur, especially when vaccination rates drop.
The Importance of Herd Immunity
Achieving herd immunity is crucial in protecting those who cannot be vaccinated, such as infants and individuals with compromised immune systems. When a significant portion of the population is vaccinated, the spread of the virus is limited, safeguarding even those who are unvaccinated. Continuous efforts in vaccination are vital to maintain high immunity levels and prevent measles resurgence.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is measles?
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects children. It is characterized by symptoms such as high fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes, and a distinctive red rash.
How is measles transmitted?
Measles is spread through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing by an infected person. It can also remain in the air for up to two hours after a person with measles has left the area.
What are the symptoms of measles?
Symptoms of measles include high fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes (conjunctivitis), and a red rash that usually starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body.
How can measles be prevented?
The best way to prevent measles is through vaccination with the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine, which is highly effective and safe.
Who should receive the MMR vaccine?
The MMR vaccine is typically given to children in two doses. The first dose is given between 12 to 15 months of age, and the second dose is given between 3 to 5 years of age. Adults who have not been vaccinated should consult with their healthcare provider.
Can measles cause complications?
Yes, measles can lead to complications such as ear infections, diarrhoea, pneumonia, and encephalitis (brain inflammation).
Is there a treatment for measles?
There is no specific antiviral treatment for measles. Supportive care, such as rest, fluids, and medications to reduce fever, can help relieve symptoms.
How long is a person with measles contagious?
A person with measles is contagious from about four days before to four days after the rash appears.
What should you do if you suspect you have measles?
If you suspect you have measles, stay at home to prevent spreading the virus and contact your healthcare provider for advice.
Can you get measles more than once?
No, infection with the measles virus generally confers lifelong immunity, so it is rare to get measles more than once.
What is the current measles vaccination coverage in the UK?
Vaccination coverage can vary, but public health campaigns aim for at least 95% of the population being immunised to ensure herd immunity.
Are measles outbreaks common in the UK?
Measles outbreaks in the UK are relatively rare due to high vaccination rates, but they can occur, particularly when vaccination rates drop.
How effective is the MMR vaccine?
The MMR vaccine is about 93% effective after one dose and over 97% effective after two doses.
Can adults receive the MMR vaccine?
Yes, adults who have not been vaccinated or have not had measles should receive the MMR vaccine, especially if they are at high risk or traveling to areas with ongoing outbreaks.
What should you do during a measles outbreak?
During a measles outbreak, ensure your vaccinations are up to date, avoid contact with infected individuals, and seek medical advice if you have symptoms.
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