What are kidney stones?

Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. They can vary in size and can cause severe pain when passing through the urinary tract.

Kidney stones can form when your urine contains more crystal-forming substances—such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid—than the fluid in your urine can dilute.

Common symptoms include severe pain in the back or side, blood in the urine, nausea, vomiting, and frequent urination. The pain may shift to different parts of the abdomen and groin.

Diagnostic methods can include blood tests, urine tests, CT scans, X-rays, and ultrasounds to detect the presence of stones in the urinary tract.

Individuals with a family history of kidney stones, those who have repeated urinary tract infections, and people with certain medical conditions such as hyperparathyroidism are at higher risk.

Yes, staying hydrated, reducing salt intake, and avoiding foods high in oxalates, such as spinach and nuts, can help prevent kidney stones. Some people may also need to take medication.

Treatment varies depending on the size and type of stone. Small stones may pass on their own, while larger stones may require medication, lithotripsy, or surgical procedures to remove.

If you suspect you have a kidney stone, it's essential to contact your GP or visit the nearest A&E. They will guide you on the appropriate diagnostic tests and treatments.

No, not all kidney stones require surgery. Many can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes. However, larger stones or stones causing severe symptoms may need surgical intervention.

Lithotripsy is a non-invasive procedure that uses shock waves to break kidney stones into smaller pieces, making it easier for them to pass through the urinary tract.

Yes, the most common types are calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. Each type can form for different reasons and may require different treatments.

Yes, diet plays a significant role. High intake of oxalate-rich foods, excessive salt, and insufficient water intake can increase the risk of forming kidney stones.

It's generally recommended to drink at least 2-3 litres of water a day to help prevent the formation of kidney stones. Staying well-hydrated dilutes substances in the urine that lead to stones.

Yes, although less common, children can get kidney stones. Risk factors include dehydration, certain dietary habits, and some medical conditions.

Unfortunately, once you have had kidney stones, you are at a higher risk of developing them again. Preventative measures like diet changes and medication can help lower this risk.