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Female Genital Mutilation: The Facts | NHS
Introduction to Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a harmful cultural practice involving the partial or total removal of external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. It has severe consequences on the health and well-being of girls and women, both physically and emotionally. Recognized internationally as a violation of human rights, FGM is illegal in the United Kingdom under the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003.
Types of FGM
FGM is categorized into four main types:
- Type 1 (Clitoridectomy): Partial or total removal of the clitoris.
- Type 2 (Excision): Removal of the clitoris and the labia minora.
- Type 3 (Infibulation): Narrowing of the vaginal opening by creating a seal, with or without removal of the clitoris.
- Type 4: All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes (e.g., pricking, piercing).
Health Risks and Consequences
FGM carries numerous health risks, including severe pain, infections, prolonged bleeding, childbirth complications, and fatal consequences. Long-term effects can include chronic pain, menstrual problems, sexual difficulties, and psychological trauma. The practice undermines the basic rights of girls and women to health, security, and physical integrity.
Legal Framework and Support in the UK
The UK has stringent laws against FGM, making it illegal to perform FGM domestically or abroad on UK nationals and permanent residents. Healthcare professionals, educators, and social workers are obligated to report known cases of FGM in girls under 18. If you are concerned or suspect someone may be at risk, you can reach out to the NHS FGM Helpline or visit the NHS website for more information.
Support Services and Resources
The NHS offers specialized services and support for those affected by FGM. This includes medical treatment, psychological support, and safeguarding services. Individuals can access help confidentially and are encouraged to seek support without fear of legal repercussions. Additionally, numerous organizations and charities across the UK are dedicated to raising awareness and supporting survivors of FGM.
Conclusion
FGM is a grave human rights violation with lifelong consequences. It is crucial to be informed and vigilant in efforts to eradicate this practice. Support, treatment, and preventive resources are available through the NHS and other organizations, ensuring that survivors and those at risk receive the necessary help and protection.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)?
FGM involves the partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.
Why is FGM performed?
FGM is often performed for cultural, religious, or social reasons within families and communities, often believed to be a way to prepare a girl for adulthood and marriage.
Is FGM illegal in the UK?
Yes, FGM is illegal in the UK. It is a criminal offence to perform, aid, or procure the carrying out of FGM, and failing to protect a girl from the risk of FGM is also illegal.
What are the health risks associated with FGM?
FGM can cause severe pain, excessive bleeding, infections, problems with urination, complications in childbirth, and long-term psychological and physical effects.
At what age is FGM typically performed?
FGM is typically performed on girls between infancy and age 15, but it can happen to women at any age.
What are the signs that a girl might be at risk of FGM?
Signs may include being taken abroad suddenly, prolonged absence from school, a girl referring to a 'special procedure', or anxiety about a forthcoming holiday.
What should you do if you suspect someone is at risk of FGM?
You should contact the police or social services immediately. Healthcare professionals also have a duty to report suspected cases of FGM.
What support is available for those affected by FGM?
Support includes medical aid, counseling, and specialist FGM clinics available within the NHS, as well as organizations dedicated to supporting affected women and girls.
Can women who have undergone FGM get help during childbirth?
Yes, healthcare professionals are trained to assist women who have undergone FGM during labor and delivery, providing necessary medical support and care.
Are there any long-term psychological effects of FGM?
Yes, FGM can have long-term psychological impacts, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
What is the role of schools in protecting girls from FGM?
Schools have a duty to educate pupils about FGM and safeguard girls by recognizing the signs and reporting concerns to the appropriate authorities.
How prevalent is FGM in the UK?
While exact figures are hard to determine, it's estimated that tens of thousands of women and girls in the UK have undergone FGM or are at risk.
What are the different types of FGM?
There are four main types: Clitoridectomy, Excision, Infibulation, and other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical reasons.
Is there any cultural justification for FGM?
While some cultures believe FGM is a rite of passage or a means of ensuring purity, it is widely recognized as a human rights violation with no health benefits.
What resources are available for education about FGM?
The NHS and various charities provide educational resources on FGM for schools, healthcare providers, and the general public to raise awareness and prevent the practice.
Useful Links
Useful links from: Women talking about their personal experiences of female genital mutilation (FGM) | NHS
- NHS - Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) The NHS page on Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) provides detailed information about the practice, its health effects, and personal stories from women who have experienced it.
- Forward UK Forward UK is a leading African women-led organisation that champions the rights of African women and girls, providing support and real-life testimonials from women affected by FGM.
- Daughters of Eve Daughters of Eve is a UK-based non-profit organisation that works to protect girls and young women who are at risk from FGM, with personal accounts and support resources.
- NHS Choices - FGM Survivors Share Their Stories This NHS Choices page shares survivors' stories, highlighting the personal experiences of women who have undergone FGM and the support available to them.
Useful links from: Female genital mutilation (FGM) | NHS
- NHS - Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Comprehensive guide on Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) provided by the NHS, including information on what it is, signs to look for, and support available.
- NSPCC - Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Resource from NSPCC detailing FGM, the risks involved, and the support available for victims and those at risk. It also provides advice on how to get help if you are worried about someone.
- Forward UK - Ending FGM FORWARD (Foundation for Women's Health Research and Development) provides resources, support, and advocacy for ending FGM, along with information on their programs, research, and community involvement.
- Barnardo's - Female Genital Mutilation Barnardo's provides support and information on FGM, including help for those affected, preventive measures, and educational resources to inform and protect children.
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