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An Introduction to Decompression Illness: Signs & Symptoms by Dr Roland Armes
What is Decompression Illness?
Decompression Illness (DCI) is a term that encompasses both decompression sickness (DCS) and arterial gas embolism (AGE). These conditions are the result of gas bubbles forming in the body due to uncontrolled ascents and other rapid pressure changes, commonly affecting divers, aviators, and individuals in hyperbaric environments.
Common Signs and Symptoms
DCI can present a wide range of signs and symptoms, making it crucial to identify early. The severity and nature of these indicators may vary depending on the affected body area.
Musculoskeletal Symptoms
One of the most frequent manifestations of DCI is joint and muscle pain, often referred to as "the bends." This discomfort typically occurs in the shoulders, elbows, knees, and ankles shortly after ascent.
Neurological Symptoms
Neurological issues form another significant cluster of symptoms. These may include headaches, dizziness, confusion, visual disturbances, numbness, and weakness. In severe cases, individuals may experience paralysis or unconsciousness.
Skin and Respiratory Symptoms
Changes in skin appearance, including rashes or marbling, and respiratory issues like chest pain and coughing can also indicate DCI. Symptoms such as difficulty breathing or a persistent cough should be considered serious and warrant immediate medical evaluation.
Gastrointestinal and Cardiovascular Symptoms
Though less common, gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, along with cardiovascular symptoms like a rapid heartbeat or chest pain, can occur. These symptoms may appear separately or in conjunction with other signs.
Action Steps and Medical Attention
If you suspect DCI, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention. In the United Kingdom, contacting emergency services and explaining the potential case of decompression illness can facilitate prompt and appropriate care. Always provide as much information as possible about recent activities that involve pressure changes.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is decompression illness?
Decompression illness (DCI) refers to conditions caused by the body's response to a rapid decrease in pressure, typically as a result of diving or ascending to altitude too quickly.
What are the two types of decompression illness?
The two types of decompression illness are decompression sickness (DCS) and arterial gas embolism (AGE).
What causes decompression illness?
DCI is caused by the formation of gas bubbles in the body. This can occur due to rapid ascent from depth when diving or changing pressure environments too quickly.
What are the common symptoms of decompression sickness (DCS)?
Symptoms of DCS can include joint and muscle pain, fatigue, dizziness, numbness, and difficulty breathing.
What are some signs of arterial gas embolism (AGE)?
Signs of AGE include chest pain, difficulty breathing, confusion, weakness, and loss of consciousness.
How quickly do symptoms of decompression illness appear?
Symptoms can appear immediately after surfacing or may be delayed for several hours. Observing for signs up to 24 hours after a dive is generally recommended.
How is decompression illness diagnosed?
DCI is diagnosed through a combination of clinical symptoms, patient history (especially recent diving activity), and sometimes medical imaging.
How is decompression illness treated?
Treatment typically involves hyperbaric oxygen therapy, where patients breathe pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber.
Can decompression illness be prevented?
Yes, DCI can be prevented by following safe diving practices, including ascending slowly and taking safety stops, and staying within the limits of dive tables or dive computers.
What should I do if I suspect I have decompression illness?
Seek immediate medical attention if you suspect DCI. Administer 100% oxygen if available, keep the person hydrated and avoid re-entering the water.
How common is decompression illness among divers?
DCI is relatively rare among recreational divers, with a general incidence rate of about 1 to 4 cases per 10,000 dives.
What factors increase the risk of decompression illness?
Risk factors include rapid ascent, long or deep dives, dehydration, fatigue, lack of physical fitness, and previous history of DCI.
Is decompression illness life-threatening?
While DCI can be serious and potentially life-threatening, prompt treatment significantly improves the chances of a full recovery.
Are certain individuals more prone to decompression illness?
Yes, individuals with certain medical conditions, such as patent foramen ovale (a type of heart defect), may have an increased risk of DCI.
Do weather and environmental conditions affect the risk of decompression illness?
Yes, factors like cold water temperatures, strenuous activity during or after the dive, and poor physical conditioning can increase the risk of DCI.
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